[본문의 동영상 강의 연우리 영어 유튜브] → T5VbEccZjkc
# "If Christoper had been born into a wealthy family, if he (A)[was] the son of a doctor who was well connected in some major market, I guarantee you he (B)[would have been] one of those guys you read about, knocking back PhDs at seventeen," his brother Jeff says. "It's the culture you (C)[find yourself] that determines that. The issue with Chris is that he was always too bored to actually sit there and listen to his teachers. If someone had recognized his intelligence and if he (D)[was] from a family where there was some kind of value on education, they (E)[would have made sure] he wasn't bored."
[「Outliers」by Malcolm Gladwell, 326 쪽]
# (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) 중에서 문법적으로 잘못된 것은?
[해석] "만약 크리스토퍼가 부유한 집안에서 태어났더라면, 주요 시장과 잘 연결된 박사의 아들이었다면 보장컨대 그는 여러분이 읽은 사람들 중의 한 명이 되었을 것이고 17 살에는 철학 박사들에게 쇼크를 주었을 겁니다."라고 그의 동생인 제프는 말한다. "당신이 있게 된 문화가 바로 그걸 결정하는 거죠. 크리스 형의 문제는 항상 너무 지루해져서 실제로 앉아서 선생들의 말을 들을 수 없다는 거죠. 누군가가 그의 지능을 알아보고 그가 교육에 관한 어떤 나름의 가치관이 있는 가문에서 태어났더라면 형이 지루해지지 않게 했을 겁니다."
[정답] (C)[*find yourself] → (C)[find yourself in]
[어휘 또는 표현]
knock back : (구어) [남게게] 쇼크를 주다; [술 등을] 쭉 들이키다; [큰돈을] 소비시키다
[해설]
It's the culture (that) you (C)[find yourself in] that determines that.
강조 구문인데 흔적 자리에 보류 전치사 'in'이 없으면 관계절이 성립되지 않는다.
if he (A)[was] the son of a doctor
if he (D)[was] from a family
두 번 나오므로 다 틀릴 수 없으므로 선택할 수 없다.
[가정법의 'was'와 'were']
If he were / was present, nobody would notice him.
"만약 그가 여기 있더라도 어느 누구도 그를 알아보지 못 할 거다."
If I were / was better qualified, I'd apply for the job. "내가 자격이 더 좋다면 그 일자리에 지원할 텐데."
1 인칭이나 3 인칭 단수의 경우 가정법이면 가정법 과거형(past subjunctive)인 'were'를 사용해야 하지만 비격식식체에서는 '전적으로 실현 불가능한 경우가 아닐 때'는 가정법 과거 시제(hypothetical past)인 'was'를 사용하기도 한다.
If I was / were to ask, would you help me? "혹여 제가 요청하면 절 도와주실래요?"
완곡한 겸손의 표현일 때 'were to 가정법'도 흔히 'was to'를 사용한다.
[예외적 혼합 가정법]
If he were a true friend, he would have acted differently (then).
"그의 참된 친구라면 그렇게 해동하지는 않았을 것이다."
조건절이 '가정법 과거'인데 귀결절이 '가정법 과거 완료'로 쓰인 드문 경우인데 이를 '예외적 혼합 가정법'이라 칭하기로 한다. 일반적인 가정법이면 조건절을 'If he had been a true friend'로 쓰겠지만 이때는 '그 당시에만 진정한 친구였다면'의 뜻이 된다. 여기서 화자는 그가 지금도 진정한 친구가 아니고 전에도 앞으로도 일반적으로 진정한 친구가 아니라는 것을 말하기 위해서 'If he were a true friend'로 쓴 것이다.
If they were friends of mine, they should also have told you I didn't want to see you. (예외적 혼합 가정법)
"만일 그들이 나의 친구라면 내가 너를 보고 싶지 않아 한다고 게들 또한 말했어야 했다."
Maybe if he had been me in that position, he would have invited the labor leaders and the business leaders to Ottawa to the prime minister's office and slapped their backs, or whatever, I don't know. "아마도 그가 그 지위의 나였다면 노사의 지도자들을 오타와의 수장 관저로 초청해서 등을 두드려 구거나 다른 뭔가를 했었을 겁니다."
여기서는 'in that position'이라는 구체적인 과거 상황이 나오므로 'had been'을 사용한 일반적인 가정법을 사용하고 있다.
"If Christoper had been born into a wealthy family, if he (A)[was] the son of a doctor who was well connected in some major market, I guarantee you he (B)[would have been] one of those guys you read about, knocking back PhDs at seventeen
태어난 것은 과거의 구체적 상황이므로 가정법 과거 완료가 사용된 것이고 'if he was the son ~'은 'were'대신 'was'가 혼합 가정법의 조건절로 사용된 것이다. 'I guarantee that'은 삽입된 것이나 마찬가지로 가정법과는 무관하다.
'who was well connected'에서 'was'는 가정법 내의 종속절의 시제로 흔히 가정법에 맞추어 과거를 사용하는 데 이 'was'는 과거 언급이 아니다.
If I were him, I'd think the call was a setup. A police sting.
"내가 그라면 그 전화는 속임수라고 생각할 거다. 경찰의 함정 수사지."
If you were merely a clever Catholic or Jew, it wouldn't matter how high your grades were.
"당신이 그저 영리한 가톨릭 교도나 유대인이라면 성적이 얼마나 높은 지는 중요하지 않다."
이 두 문장에서도 가정법에 맞춘 과거형으로 현재 언급이다.
[If I Was King..] (excerpted from『TAKE MY WORD FOR IT』by William Safire.]
When I thrilled to the timbre of Ronald Colman's voice, or somebody imitating that voice, saying, “Ah, if I were king ... ,” little did I realize that this was an example of the subjunctive mood. Speaking subjectively, I admit the subjunctive is not a mood I like; it reminds me of fusty French lessons from Miss Moore at Joan of Arc Junior High. The French are very big on the subjunctive.
We are now going to tackle this subject because I am tired of guessing about when to pick if I were instead of if I was.
“If the fellow was an A student in English,” writes Jack Smith in his lively column in the Los Angeles Times, “he would not misplace an only ....” You're not all right, Jack: If the main verb in a sentence is conditional―would―then the if-clause verb should be subjunctive―were. (If I were sure of this, I would write it with greater authority.) The rule of thumb is to use were with would.
For example, “If wishes were horses, beggars would ride.” That's right, not only because the were hitches up with the would, but because the if clause makes a statement contrary to fact, or at least expresses an unlikely condition. That's the essence of the subjunctive―use it when it ain't necessarily so. Writing about a film by Constantin Costa―Gavras, a New Yorker reviewer observed: “Its techniques of excitation could as easily be used by a smart Fascist film maker, if there were one. Luckily, there isn't.” Were is right because it refers to a situation the writer thinks does not exist. Were is also used after hypothetical indicators like as if and as though.
So, the lazy reader is thinking, whenever I see an if, I'll use a were. That's a mistake, if there ever was one.
When you're calling up a possible fact in your if clause, scorn the subjunctive. “If Reagan runs again, he will win in a walk.” (I have been saving that for a mixed-metaphor item, but it fits here.) Similarly, “If Kennedy waits to run until he is Reagan's age, it will be the year 2000.” (Not were to wait . . . would be.)
The point is that you should use was after if when you are talking about a fair possibility of fact. Let's say you just shot your spouse for the insurance money, you are about to enter a grand-jury room, and you know the foreman is an English teacher. The phrase to keep in mind is: “If I was at the scene of the murder, I do not remember it.”
If I were you, I'd use the subjunctive only to call attention to phoniness. (I'm not you, which is why were is right.) Making understandable the impenetrable subjunctive is a far, far better thing I do than I have ever done before, as Ronald Colman used to say, but if I miss the deadline on this column, it will not run. (There is a good chance that I will miss the deadline, which is why it would be wrong to write “If I were to miss.”)
해석은 동영상을 참조하기 바랍니다. [ㅎ 너무 길어서]
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